İNGİLİZCE ÖĞRENELİM

Tanım

Ben İngilizce öğretmeniyim. Bu blogla zor olduğunu düşündüğünüz bu dili kolayca öğrenmenin yollarını keşfedeceksiniz.


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İngilizce test 3

1) We don't know ... we have to change planes or not.
a) if b) until c) that d) when

2) I'll give you ... medicine to ease your pain.
a) a few b) several c) some d) many

3) I know a man called Rupert ... house is near yours.
a) who b) whom c) that d) whose

4) He won't take on a secretary ... talks too much.
a) whose b) which c) whom d) who

5) I like Vienna, but I wish it ... a bit hotter.
a) is b) were c) becomes d) became

6) He spends his time ... after girls.
a) running b) to run c) ran d) runs

7) Some ... don't like such jokes.
a) child b) man c) woman d) people

8) She's young and full ... life.
a) with
b) having
c) of
d) along with

9) He used to drive, but he doesn't ... more.
a) --- b) no c) any d) some

10) She's too tired to go ...
a) shopping. b) to shop. c) shop. d) for shopping.

11) I wonder what ... her marry that stupid old man.
a) is
b) was
c) did make
d) made

12) He threw a vase at the burglar but ... him.
a) shot b) fired c) missed d) hit

13) He turned and looked ... me.
a) to b) for c) at d) from

14) He rarely gets drunk, ...?
a) doesn't he b) does he c) won't he d) will he

15) Would you mind ... for a minute?
a) waiting b) to wait c) wait d) that I wait

16) He parked his van ... a Mini.
a) beside b) near to c) next d) behind of

17) He ran back as fast as he ...
a) run. b) possible. c) can. d) could.

18) He retired last year. He ... to be a customs officer.
a) used b) was c) did d) use

19) Let's ... up the hill.
a) to climb b) climbing c) climb d) to be climbing

20) I wish I ... get there before dark.
a) can b) could c) am able to d) manage to

21) He said he ... take her out tonight.
a) wants b) was willing c) would d) wanted

22) He says he wants to eat ... such bad meat.
a) any b) no c) none of d) some of

23) He usually comes ... home on foot.
a) to b) to the c) at d) --

24) He'll be hurt ... you tell the truth.
a) in case b) even though c) lest d) if

25) He'll call back ... book the tickets.
a) because b) to c) so d) for

26) She went straight ... home.
a) to b) for c) ---  d) until

27) We were ... surprised to move.
a) too b) very c) so d) quite

28) What time is the film ...?
a) with b) at c) in d) on

29) Would you mind if ... the window?
a) I opened b) I open c) opening d) my opening

30) She wants to buy ... perfume.
a) many b) a lot c) several d) some

31) He's a short man ... dark hair and a moustache.
a) with b) has c) have d) and

32) He's been robbed ... his money.
a) from b) of c) out of d) with

33) He won't be taken ... by such an old trick.
a) in b) into c) out d) off

34) He was ... youngest in the group.
a) --- b) the c) a d) among

35) I wasn't ... by the story.
a) amused b) interesting c) interested d) exciting

36) Let's go ... else this evening.
a) somewhere b) some place c) a place d) anywhere

37) She's going to have her hair ...
a) made. b) dyed. c) have cut. d) cuts.

38) I can't understand ... you say if you speak so fast.
a) why b) how c) that d) what

39) I was too tired to do ...
a) anything.
b) nothing.
c) something.
d) many thing.

40) He will ... a speech after the banquet.
a) make
b) do
c) carry out
d) execute

41) She would rather dance than ...
a) study. b) studying. c) to study. d) studied.

42) She works ... the newspaper The Daily Mirror.
a) for b) to c) in d) at

43) He didn't tell you where he ... the money, ...?
a) hides/have you b) hid/did he c) hidden/were you d) hides/does he

44) Why is he staring ... us?
a) to b) for c) at d) with

45) He didn't pay his debt, ... made me angry.
a) which b) that c) whose d) who

46) He didn't seem ... me.
a) noticing b) to notice c) of noticing d) for noticing

47) I'm going to get better, doctor, ...?
a) am I not b) am not I c) will I d) aren't I

48) He gave up his job three months ...
a) before. b) ago. c) after. d) late.

49) Kemal didn't go to the concert yesterday evening. ...
a) Neither did Penny. b) Penny didn't too. c) Also didn't Penny. d) Nor didn't Penny.

50) I'd rather my wife ... more understanding.
a) is b) isn't c) be d) were

51) He gave me a chair and sat down ... his desk.
a) on b) in c) under d) behind

52) He didn't know what ...
a) told. b) telling. c) did I show. d) to say.

53) The burglar ... stolen my gold watch.
a) have b) is c) had d) was

54) He ... not to be late.
a) told me b) told to me c) said me d) said to me

55) It's not ... object, it's ... idea.
a) a/a b) the/the c) an/the d) an/an

56) It's the time for the children ... to bed.
a) go b) to go c) went d) will go

57) He ... the doctor he couldn't sleep well.
a) said b) told c) is saying d) has said

58) He can speak not only English but ... German.
a) too b) neither c) not d) also

59) He comes to work ... bike.
a) in b) on c) by d) with

60) He ... to prison six years ago.
a) sent b) was sent c) has sent d) has been sent

61) He admitted ... a mistake.
a) to make b) make c) made d) making

62) I'd rather it ... sunny now.
a) is b) will be c) be d) were

63) I wish tomorrow ... a holiday.
a) is b) were c) will be d) there is

64) I wish she ... better.
a) will feel b) is going to feel c) feels d) felt

65) He is interested in ... architecture.
a) the b) a c) an d) --

66) We must hurry, ... we'll miss the plane.
a) and b) or c) but d) on the other hand

67) He jumped out of ... chair in surprise.
a) his b) him c) her d) hers

68) Let me ... your temperature.
a) to take b) taking c) take d) took

69) He needs a job ... is easy and safe.
a) that b) who c) what d) when

70) Temel has been away from school ... two weeks.
a) for b) since c) ago d) before

71) Let me ... whether you are coming.
a) write b) inform c) give news d) know

72) He is ... to vote.
a) very young b) enough young c) young enough d) too young

73) He hang up ... he recognized my voice.
a) before b) until c) as soon as d) if

74) He has been waiting for you ... three o'clock.
a) for b) at c) during d) since

75) We must hide our bicycles and walk ... foot.
a) over b) on c) with d) by

76) I'd like to be ... first to find it.
a) the b) a c) champion d) --

77) He has nobody to talk to, ... is a pity.
a) which b) that c) when d) what

78) He insisted ... behaving so offensively.
a) in b) on c) of d) at

79) I don't agree ... you.
a) with b) about c) to d) for

80) I wish your daughter ... here with us now.
a) to be b) were c) can be d) is

81) He hoped ... rich one day.
a) being b) he would be c) he will be d) to being

82) We will have to think of ... method.
a) other b) new c) different d) another

83) I felt ill, ... I went to work.
a) so b) so that c) neither d) nevertheless

84) You don't need to buy any food, ...
a) too. b) also. c) either. d) neither.

85) I stood still ... a while.
a) for b) in c) at d) within

86) Politeness ... nothing.
a) costs b) prices c) worths d) values

87) I don't think John's a clever student ... all.
a) at b) for c) in d) behind

88) What ... you to the doctor today?
a) does bring b) brings c) is d) did bring

89) I saw Florance ... in a caf‚.
a) sitting b) to sit c) sat d) has sat

90) I found it difficult to get ... sleep again.
a) to b) into c) for d) onto

91) You should book ... advance.
a) as b) in c) for d) before

92) I find opera too ...
a) bored. b) boring. c) bore. d) boredom.

93) I don't ... you to use these slang words.
a) suggest b) advise c) let d) telling

94) He insisted ... for the meal.
a) to pay b) on paying c) pay d) paying

95) You'll find out later ... I mean.
a) that b) how c) what d) which

96) I suspect him ... stealing the money.
a) from b) with c) for d) of

97) I didn't want to shoot but I ...
a) should. b) had to. c) must. d) ought to.

98) Professor Blooms is in charge ... the laboratory.
a) from b) to c) in d) of

99) I don't remember ... such a thing.
a) to say b) say c) saying d) said

100) "Where can I find a map that shows the mountains in Türkiye?"
He asked the saleswoman where ... that showed the mountains in Türkiye.
a) can he find a map b) could he find a map c) you could find a map d) he could find a map


Tarih: 14:13, 17/6/2007 Kategori: YDS
Yorum (3) | Yorum yaz | Bağlantı

YDS test 2

1) We don't know ... we have to change planes or not.
a) if b) until c) that d) when

2) I'll give you ... medicine to ease your pain.
a) a few b) several c) some d) many

3) I know a man called Rupert ... house is near yours.
a) who b) whom c) that d) whose

4) He won't take on a secretary ... talks too much.
a) whose b) which c) whom d) who

5) I like Vienna, but I wish it ... a bit hotter.
a) is b) were c) becomes d) became

6) He spends his time ... after girls.
a) running b) to run c) ran d) runs

7) Some ... don't like such jokes.
a) child b) man c) woman d) people

8) She's young and full ... life.
a) with
b) having
c) of
d) along with

9) He used to drive, but he doesn't ... more.
a) --- b) no c) any d) some

10) She's too tired to go ...
a) shopping. b) to shop. c) shop. d) for shopping.

11) I wonder what ... her marry that stupid old man.
a) is
b) was
c) did make
d) made

12) He threw a vase at the burglar but ... him.
a) shot b) fired c) missed d) hit

13) He turned and looked ... me.
a) to b) for c) at d) from

14) He rarely gets drunk, ...?
a) doesn't he b) does he c) won't he d) will he

15) Would you mind ... for a minute?
a) waiting b) to wait c) wait d) that I wait

16) He parked his van ... a Mini.
a) beside b) near to c) next d) behind of

17) He ran back as fast as he ...
a) run. b) possible. c) can. d) could.

18) He retired last year. He ... to be a customs officer.
a) used b) was c) did d) use

19) Let's ... up the hill.
a) to climb b) climbing c) climb d) to be climbing

20) I wish I ... get there before dark.
a) can b) could c) am able to d) manage to

21) He said he ... take her out tonight.
a) wants b) was willing c) would d) wanted

22) He says he wants to eat ... such bad meat.
a) any b) no c) none of d) some of

23) He usually comes ... home on foot.
a) to b) to the c) at d) --

24) He'll be hurt ... you tell the truth.
a) in case b) even though c) lest d) if

25) He'll call back ... book the tickets.
a) because b) to c) so d) for

26) She went straight ... home.
a) to b) for c) ---  d) until

27) We were ... surprised to move.
a) too b) very c) so d) quite

28) What time is the film ...?
a) with b) at c) in d) on

29) Would you mind if ... the window?
a) I opened b) I open c) opening d) my opening

30) She wants to buy ... perfume.
a) many b) a lot c) several d) some

31) He's a short man ... dark hair and a moustache.
a) with b) has c) have d) and

32) He's been robbed ... his money.
a) from b) of c) out of d) with

33) He won't be taken ... by such an old trick.
a) in b) into c) out d) off

34) He was ... youngest in the group.
a) --- b) the c) a d) among

35) I wasn't ... by the story.
a) amused b) interesting c) interested d) exciting

36) Let's go ... else this evening.
a) somewhere b) some place c) a place d) anywhere

37) She's going to have her hair ...
a) made. b) dyed. c) have cut. d) cuts.

38) I can't understand ... you say if you speak so fast.
a) why b) how c) that d) what

39) I was too tired to do ...
a) anything.
b) nothing.
c) something.
d) many thing.

40) He will ... a speech after the banquet.
a) make
b) do
c) carry out
d) execute

41) She would rather dance than ...
a) study. b) studying. c) to study. d) studied.

42) She works ... the newspaper The Daily Mirror.
a) for b) to c) in d) at

43) He didn't tell you where he ... the money, ...?
a) hides/have you b) hid/did he c) hidden/were you d) hides/does he

44) Why is he staring ... us?
a) to b) for c) at d) with

45) He didn't pay his debt, ... made me angry.
a) which b) that c) whose d) who

46) He didn't seem ... me.
a) noticing b) to notice c) of noticing d) for noticing

47) I'm going to get better, doctor, ...?
a) am I not b) am not I c) will I d) aren't I

48) He gave up his job three months ...
a) before. b) ago. c) after. d) late.

49) Kemal didn't go to the concert yesterday evening. ...
a) Neither did Penny. b) Penny didn't too. c) Also didn't Penny. d) Nor didn't Penny.

50) I'd rather my wife ... more understanding.
a) is b) isn't c) be d) were

51) He gave me a chair and sat down ... his desk.
a) on b) in c) under d) behind

52) He didn't know what ...
a) told. b) telling. c) did I show. d) to say.

53) The burglar ... stolen my gold watch.
a) have b) is c) had d) was

54) He ... not to be late.
a) told me b) told to me c) said me d) said to me

55) It's not ... object, it's ... idea.
a) a/a b) the/the c) an/the d) an/an

56) It's the time for the children ... to bed.
a) go b) to go c) went d) will go

57) He ... the doctor he couldn't sleep well.
a) said b) told c) is saying d) has said

58) He can speak not only English but ... German.
a) too b) neither c) not d) also

59) He comes to work ... bike.
a) in b) on c) by d) with

60) He ... to prison six years ago.
a) sent b) was sent c) has sent d) has been sent

61) He admitted ... a mistake.
a) to make b) make c) made d) making

62) I'd rather it ... sunny now.
a) is b) will be c) be d) were

63) I wish tomorrow ... a holiday.
a) is b) were c) will be d) there is

64) I wish she ... better.
a) will feel b) is going to feel c) feels d) felt

65) He is interested in ... architecture.
a) the b) a c) an d) --

66) We must hurry, ... we'll miss the plane.
a) and b) or c) but d) on the other hand

67) He jumped out of ... chair in surprise.
a) his b) him c) her d) hers

68) Let me ... your temperature.
a) to take b) taking c) take d) took

69) He needs a job ... is easy and safe.
a) that b) who c) what d) when

70) Temel has been away from school ... two weeks.
a) for b) since c) ago d) before

71) Let me ... whether you are coming.
a) write b) inform c) give news d) know

72) He is ... to vote.
a) very young b) enough young c) young enough d) too young

73) He hang up ... he recognized my voice.
a) before b) until c) as soon as d) if

74) He has been waiting for you ... three o'clock.
a) for b) at c) during d) since

75) We must hide our bicycles and walk ... foot.
a) over b) on c) with d) by

76) I'd like to be ... first to find it.
a) the b) a c) champion d) --

77) He has nobody to talk to, ... is a pity.
a) which b) that c) when d) what

78) He insisted ... behaving so offensively.
a) in b) on c) of d) at

79) I don't agree ... you.
a) with b) about c) to d) for

80) I wish your daughter ... here with us now.
a) to be b) were c) can be d) is

81) He hoped ... rich one day.
a) being b) he would be c) he will be d) to being

82) We will have to think of ... method.
a) other b) new c) different d) another

83) I felt ill, ... I went to work.
a) so b) so that c) neither d) nevertheless

84) You don't need to buy any food, ...
a) too. b) also. c) either. d) neither.

85) I stood still ... a while.
a) for b) in c) at d) within

86) Politeness ... nothing.
a) costs b) prices c) worths d) values

87) I don't think John's a clever student ... all.
a) at b) for c) in d) behind

88) What ... you to the doctor today?
a) does bring b) brings c) is d) did bring

89) I saw Florance ... in a caf‚.
a) sitting b) to sit c) sat d) has sat

90) I found it difficult to get ... sleep again.
a) to b) into c) for d) onto

91) You should book ... advance.
a) as b) in c) for d) before

92) I find opera too ...
a) bored. b) boring. c) bore. d) boredom.

93) I don't ... you to use these slang words.
a) suggest b) advise c) let d) telling

94) He insisted ... for the meal.
a) to pay b) on paying c) pay d) paying

95) You'll find out later ... I mean.
a) that b) how c) what d) which

96) I suspect him ... stealing the money.
a) from b) with c) for d) of

97) I didn't want to shoot but I ...
a) should. b) had to. c) must. d) ought to.

98) Professor Blooms is in charge ... the laboratory.
a) from b) to c) in d) of

99) I don't remember ... such a thing.
a) to say b) say c) saying d) said

100) "Where can I find a map that shows the mountains in Türkiye?"
He asked the saleswoman where ... that showed the mountains in Türkiye.
a) can he find a map b) could he find a map c) you could find a map d) he could find a map

 

 


Tarih: 14:11, 17/6/2007 Kategori: YDS
Yorum (1) | Yorum yaz | Bağlantı

YDS test 1

Practice Exam 1

Mark the best Choice

1-Tell me everything ………… the case,………. skipping any detail.
A) about/without B) with/above
C) far/along D) into/from E) from/about

2- When the train went ……tunnel, many of the passengers experienced a popping sensation ……..their ears.
A) near/from B) down/near
C) around/with D) through/in E) about/at

3- Don't dive off those rocks because the water is much too……..there, and you might hit your head on the bottom.
A) short B) high
C) rough D) broad E) shallow

4-I’m ……….telling the boys to put their washing in the laundry basket, but they never listen.
A) extensively B) thoroughly
C) constantly D) evidently E) considerably

5-After-school activities used to be very popular here, but in recent years there has been a ……. in the number of students attending.
A) failure B) weakness
C) decline D) favour E) raise

6- The fire …….rapidly from house to house, and in less than an hour, the whole village was in flames.
A) spread B) deepened
C) rose D) flowed E) extended

7- Among ………..brilliantly coloured of all birds, macaws can be distinguished by their pointed wings and exceptionally long tails.
A) too much B) far more
C) the most D) so much E) such a lot

8- Jake sold his house, ……….he had bought ten years before, and purchased a caravan.
A) what B) where
C) that D) which E) when

9-Call me at around five because I ……..from the gym by then.
A) will have returned B) had returned
C) was returning D) am going to return
E) will be returning

10- We ..... a barbecue for Ben on his birthday next Saturday, but he ……. yet.
A) were organising/hadn't known
B) are organising/doesn't know
C) will be organising/won't know
D) organised/hasn't known
E) have organised/didn't know
 
11-We …….long when the secretary …….us into the director's room.
A) won't wait/is letting B) haven't waited/has let
C) hadn't been waiting/let D) weren't waiting/had let
E) didn't wait/would have let

12- While Jimmy …. dinner, the frying-pan …….on fire.
A) was preparing/caught
B) is preparing/has caught
C) has prepared/will be catching
D) prepared/was catching
E) had prepared/would catch

13- If Mike …….irresponsibly on several occasions previously, he…,... to head of the department this year, but he seems to have little chance.
A) didn't act/would have promoted
B) hadn't acted/might be promoted
C) doesn't act/will be promoting
D) weren't acting/has been promoted
E) hasn't been acting/were ~ promote

14- Bob had a very busy day at the office
- he had ........ walked through the door in the morning ……the phone started ringing.

A) whether/or B) not only/but also
C) neither/nor D) both/and E) hardly/when

15- ………..the Prime Minister stepped off the plane, the reporters started to ask questions one after another.
A) By the time B) As long as
C) The moment D)Even though E) However

16- Nobody is going to get a day off until
this project has been completed,, ……?

A) hasn't he B) are they
C) isn't it D) has it E) haven't they

17- Grandpa seems to have lost his glasses. He can't find them …….. .
A) nowhere B) wherever
C) anywhere D) everywhere E) somewhere

18- The teacher told the twins that she didn’t want…….of them in the same class as it would be difficult to tell them apart.
A) either B) both
C) neither D) some E) every

Complete the following sentences

19-…..., though she carefully kept it from me.

A) I'm surprised to hear about the problems she faced there
B) I've tried to make my daughter talk to me
C) I was expecting her to tell me all her secrets
D)Kim tells me almost everything that happens at school
E) She mentioned to Roberta about her new boyfriend

20- ….. , which has a wonderful view of the harbour.
A) The restaurant on Galata Tower serves specialities of Turkish cuisine
B) My friend, Jason, lived in the same house for mare than ten years
C) I'll show you Molly's new car as we drive past it on our way home
D) Whenever I have a little time, I love climbing up Shooter Hill
E) Most of the flats in this block are a little cold as they face north
 
21- Despite abundant rain throughout the winter, ….. .
A) the city is still suffering from a shortage of water this summer
B) when there were severe floods destroying a large part of the region
C) the local fruit growers no longer complain about the drought
D) it was after a long period, without a drop of rain for many months
E) irrigation is only necessary for a few farms where they grow vegetables

22- Are you aware that we will have been waiting here for four straight hours ……..?
A) if we had toured around the city instead of coming here so early
B) what time exactly is the plane going to take off
C) since they last made an announcement about the fate of our flight
D) as soon as they arrived in Spain at 3p.m.
E) by the time the plane leaves at eight, after a two-hour delay

23- ………, Barbara was appointed to district manager.
A) Unless she displayed considerable talent in her job
B) Due to her dedication to her work
C) As she has just been promised by the director
D) No wonder she just couldn’t believe her eyes
E) In spite of her managerial skills she gained at university

24-I didn’t know what to say……….. .
A) when Nicole came in with her new hair style and asked for my opinion
B) if I don't think I'll have finished reading the report before then
C) that Tim has always asked his questions in such a straightforward manner
D) the fact that I lust wanted to leave work without any major reasons
E) and so get the lowest mark of my life

25- Timmy: …………..
Sophie: Why do you think that?
Timmy: Because she's looking pale, and sneezing.

A) I guess Martha is reluctant to eat her food.
B) Shirley might have caught your cold.
C) If you ask me. Vera didn't deserve to win the beauty contest.
D) Susie has been suffering from a headache since this afternoon.
E) don't find Steve's new girlfriend pretty at all, do you'?

26-Harry: 'What did you think of the film?
Mary:: ……………………………
Harry: Oh, I disagree entirely. They were really good.

A) Well, I thought it was terrible.
B) The special effects were amazing.
C) Well, I'm not sure. I guess it was okay.
D) The actors were really dreadful.
E) Actually. I thought it wasn't too bad.

27- Arnold: Could you give me a hand with some boxes?
Keith: Sure. Where will I find them?
Arnold: ……………
Keith: I hope it's not parked too far

A)Are you going to help me or not?
B) Can't you see them there, under the stairs?
C) A delivery van is going to bring them in an hour.
D) They're still out in the car.
E) Well, that's why I need your help.

28- Matilda:………….
Connie: I went to the place on the High Street.
Matilda: Well, they've done a good job. It looks really nice.

A)Do you know of a decent gym near here?
B) Where did you get your hair cut?
C) Oh, I didn't know that you went shopping yesterday.
D) That's a really lovely pair of shoes.
E) Where do you buy your cosmetics?

29- Ann: Do you think this skirt and blouse go together?
Dave: …………………….
Ann: Well, I'm afraid they're in the wash today.

A) Your blue trousers might look better with that top.
D) Yeah, they look really good together on you.
C) Why don't you wear your new red dress Instead?
D) You've got a small hole in the sleeve of your blouse.
E) Why don't you ask your sisters what they think?

30- George: Do you have a ladder I could borrow?
Andrew: Well yes, but I need to fix the roof today.
George: …………….
Andrew: Sure, I'll bring it to yours when I've finished with it.

A) Oh, don't you think you should hire a professional for that?
B) Are you sure you don't need help with that?
C) Would you mind starting that a little later as my job is urgent?
D) Do you know whether Brian has one?
E) Could I possibly use it tomorrow?

Tarih: 21:49, 17/5/2007 Kategori: YDS
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YDS test 1

Read the passages and answer the questions

Military rockets filled with gunpowder were first used in 1312 by the Chinese against the Tatars. The idea caught on in the West, too, and rockets lit up the sky in 1380 in battle between Venice and Genoa. Th Indians used them against the British at the end of the 18th century. The British were impressed and Colonel William Congreve set to work on the Congreve rocket, with a rang of 1,800 metres. In 1806, during the Napoleonic wars, some 200 Congreve rockets set fire to Boulogne. This had no been part of the plan: they had actually beer aimed at shipping in the harbour. Rockets have since been also used to fire lifelines from ship to shore, to fire harpoons into the backs of whales, and of course, to launch humans into space.

31-It is clear from the passage that, originally, rockets were ……. .

A) created by western inventors
B) invented before gunpowder
C) used exclusively In warfare
D) developed by the Tatars
E) unsuccessfully used in battle

32- The author informs us that Sir William Congreve ……… .
A)set fire to the French town, Boulogne
B) was the inventor of the first effective rockets
C) played a major role during the Napoleonic wars
D) commanded and lost the war against the Indians
E) was inspired by the Indians to develop his own rockets

33- We learn from the passage that rockets …….. .
A) have only been used in war and in space
B) have a maximum range of 1.800 metres
C) always have a destructive purpose
D) are also used by ships to call for help
E) are no longer used in war in any way
 
Aspirin, the most common pain relieves known today, was first produced commercially in 1899. The Bayer AG, now of Leverskin. Germany, manufactured Aspirin in powder form. Aspirin, a trade name, or acetylsalicylic acid, however. had first been synthesised In 1853 by Karl Gerhardt, an Alsatian chemist. Unfortunately, its value as a pain reliever was not recognised until 1899, when Heinrich Dresser published a paper about its effectiveness. Thereafter, Dr. Felix Hoffman, who worked for Bayer, succeeded in manufacturing it in a form pure enough to be used as a medical remedy. First available only on a limited scale as a pre******ion medicine in Germany. Aspirin gained wide usage when Bayer began retailing it in tablet form in 1915.

34- According to the passage, acetylsalicylic acid, or Aspirin .. .

A) was first sold in powder form
B) was invented in Germany in 1899
C) was sold to the public in 1853
D) was perfected in 1915
E) was originally produced in pill form

35- It's clear from the passage that Aspirin's medical value
A) was made known by Heinrich Dresser
B) was available to the public from 1853
C) was publicised by Karl Gerhardt
D) led to the creation of a newspaper
E) as a painkiller was widely recognised in 1853

36- The author states that Aspirin……… .
A) has been available in tablet form since 1899
B)became popular worldwide In 1899
C) was first sold by Bayer in 1915
D)was Initially only available after seeing a doctor
E) was commonly used in Germany prior to 1915
 
The Sahara desert in north Africa stretches eastwards from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and southwards from the Mediterranean to the grasslands and tropical forests of equatorial Africa. It has an area of about 8 million square kilometres and is the world's largest desert region. The world’s highest temperatures have been recorded in the Western Sahara. The traditional inhabitants have been the nomadic Berbers and Arabs moving from oasis to oasis: but vast areas remain totally uninhabited. There is the evidence of recent severe draughts in parts of Nigeria and neighbouring countries to suggest that the Sahara is expanding southwards. On the other hand, there are plans to irrigate some areas; also, the desert has valuable deposits of oil, iron ore phosphates and uranium.

37- The passage tells us that the Sahara desert …… .


A) contains grasslands and tropical forests
B) is between two oceans to the east and west
C) lies to the south of equatorial Africa
D) covers one eighth of Africa
E) has the Red Sea on its eastern boundary

38- The Berbers and the Arabs of the Sahara …….. .

A) have established major settlements there
B) moved to the area in fairly recent times
C) fight over the right to settle in oasis areas
D) inhabit most areas of the Sahara desert
E) have not settled In the desert but moved around

39- We can assume from the passage that the Sahara may prove useful in the future because…… .

A) It is growing and expanding towards the south
B) there are large amounts of necessary minerals there
C) it may be uniting with Nigeria and other countries
D) it may be used to irrigate neighbouring countries
E) it will probably continue to remain uninhabited
 
Relativity is the name for two theories of physics presented by Albert Einstein in 1905 and 1915 respectively, as the Special and General Theories of Relativity. Through them he showed that speed and position are relative things and that there are no absolute measurements for time and space. He also stated that matter and energy are interchangeable, a concept that has had considerable bearing on the development of nuclear physics. In this century, Einstein's Theories of Relativity have revolutionised ideas about the nature of matter and the universe, as Sir Isaac Newton's laws of gravity had done to scientific thinking two centuries earlier.

40- According to the passage, Einstein's theories state that…………. .


A) there are no definite ways to determine time or location
B) things can be measured by either special or general means
C) how fast something goes, and where it is, are fixed values
D) before 1905, scientists looked at the universe in the wrong way
E) there's simply no point in worrying about either time or space

41- As stated in the passage, Einstein claimed that…………. .

A) matter and energy are really exactly the same thing
B) nobody really knows the true nature of matter
C) nuclear energy is definitely the best form of energy
D) the true nature of energy doesn’t really matter
E) matter and energy can be changed into each other

42- The passage suggest that Newton and Einstein ………… .

A) greatly influenced each other and their respective theories
B) have each had profound influence on modern scientific thought
C) were respectful to each other's theories
D) suffered a great deal due to their revolutionary ideas
E) offer distinct theories in direct contradiction to each other

Tarih: 21:45, 17/5/2007 Kategori: YDS
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YDS test 1

Find the English equivalent of the given

43- Kendi restoranını açma tutkusunu emekli olup bir tatil beldesine yerleşene dek gerçeğe dönüştüremedi.


A) After he had retired and settled in a holiday resort, he was able to put his ambition to open his own restaurant into reality.
B) Only after retiring and settling in a seaside resort could he put his ambition to start his own restaurant into reality.
C) Until his retirement, he had to delay settling in a holiday resort and opening his own restaurant, which had always been his ambition to do.
D) In reality, it would only be possible for him to open his own restaurant in a holiday resort after retiring.
E) He couldn’t put his ambition to start his own restaurant into reality until after he retired and settled in a holiday resort.

44- Ortalama bir yetişkin uyanıkken normal olarak dakikada on altı nefes alırken, uyku durumunda bu oran yarıya inmektedir.
A) While a normal adult needs to take about sixteen breaths each minute when awake, he only needs about half this amount while sleeping.
B) The number of breaths taken per minute when awake, sixteen for the average adult, is half that taken when asleep.
C) Usually adults take sixteen breaths per minute when breathing normally, but this rate reduces to half when they are asleep.
D) While the average adult normally takes sixteen breaths per minute when awake, this rate reduces to half in the state of sleep.
E) For a normal adult the average breathing rate is sixteen breaths per minute when awake and half this when asleep.

45- Kuvvetli rüzgar1ar, ani ısı düşmeleri ve uzun süreli kuraklık gibi aşırı hava koşulları yağmur ormanlannda nadiren görülmektedir.
A) 'The climate in the rain forest is normally temperate without such extreme conditions as high winds, sudden temperature drops or prolonged drought.
B) Extreme weather conditions such as high winds, sudden temperature drops or prolonged drought are rarely seen in rain forests.
C) It is rare, but possible, to see extreme weather conditions such as high winds, sudden temperature drops or prolonged drought in rain forests.
D) Extreme weather conditions like high winds, sudden temperature drops or prolonged drought affect rain forests, but only rarely.
E) Rain forests are rarely affected by extremes in weather such as high winds, sudden temperature drops or prolonged drought.

46- Romancı, oyun yazarı ve öykü yazarı olarak Alphonse Daudet, 19. yüzyıl Fransız Naturalizm ekolünün önde gelen simalarindan biridir.

A) The 19th century school of French Naturalism chose Alphonse Daudet, a novelist, dramatist and short story writer, as their leader.
B) The leading 19th century French naturalist, Alphonse Daudet, was a novelist, dramatist and short story writer.
C) As novelist, dramatist and short story writer, Alphonse Daudet was one of the leading figures in the 19th-century school of French Naturalism.
D) Alphonse Daudet became a leading figure at the school of French Naturalism during the 19th century both as a writer, writing short stories and novels, and a dramatist.
E) A leading figure In the 19th century school of French Naturalism, Alphonse Daudet was a novelist, dramatist and short story writer.

47- Kulaklardaki çınlama ciddi rahatsızlığın belirtisi olabilir.

A) One of the possible side-effects of this serious disease is ringing in the ears.
B) This serious ailment can be accompanied by ringing in the ears.
C) Ringing in the ears may be a symptom of a serious ailment.
D)Experiencing a ceaseless ringing in your ears may mean you have a serious disease.
E) Some serious ailments have as a symptom a ringing in the ears.

48- Batı toplumu, Moğol imparatoru Kubilay Han’in başarılarından ilk kez Marco Polo’nun yazılarıyla haberdar olmuştur.

A) Western society first learnt about the Mogul emperor, Kublai Khan, and his accomplishments, from Marco Polo when he published a book about him.
B) Marco Polo was responsible for bringing the accomplishments of Kublai Khan, the Mogul emperor, to the attention of Western society.
C) The conquests of Kublai Khan, the Mogul emperor, were first written about by Marco Polo, who brought them to the attention of Western society.
D) Western society first became aware of the achievements of Kublai Khan, the Mogul emperor, in the writings of Marco Polo.
E) When Marco Polo draw attention to the Mogul emperor Kublai Khan's achievements in his writings, Western society heard about them for the first time.
 
Find the Turkish equivalent of the given

49-As it is the means of transport least damaging to the environment, people should be encouraged to use the train more.

A) Tren çevreye en az zarar veren ulaşım aracı olduğu halde nedense insanlar onu pek tercih etmemektedir.
B) Çevreye en az zarar veren ulaşım aracı olduğu için insanlar treni daha çok kullanmaya teşvik edilmelidir.
C) İnsanların, tren gibi, cevreye fazla zarar vermeyen ulaşım araçlarını daha çok kullanmaları sağlanmalıdır.
D) Insanlarrin çok fazla tercih etmedikleri tren, aslında çevreye en az zarar veren ulaşım aracıdır.
E) İnsanların treni daha çok kullanmaya teşvik edilmelerinin nedeni , trenin çevreye daha az zarar veren bir ulaşım ararcı olmasıdır.

50-Robert E. Peary, the first man to reach the North Pole, was able to achieve this aim , which took him eighteen years, on his eighth attempt.

A)On sekiz yıl süren bir uğraşıdan sonra Robert E. Peary, sekizinci denemesinde, Kuzey Kutbu'na ilk ulaşan kişi ünvanını almıştır.
B)Sekizinci denemesinde Kuzey Kutbuna ilk giden kişi olmayı başaran Robert E. Peary, bunun için tam on sekiz yıl uğraşmıştır.
C) Kuzey Kutbu'na ilk giden kişi olan Robert E. Peary,onserkiz yılını alan bu amacına , sekizinci denemesinde ulaşabilmiştir.
D) Robert E. Peary, on sekiz yıl süren bir uğraşıdan sonra , sekizinci denemesinde Kuzey Kutbuna ulaşmayi başarmıştır.
E) Robert E. Peary. Kuzey Kutbu'na giden ilk kişi olma amacına uIaşmak için on sekiz yıl uğraşmış,. ancak bunu sekizinci denemesinde başarabilmiştir.

51- Anxiety and stress are among the leading causes of headaches.

A) Endişe ve stres basağrılarının önde gelen nedenleri arasındadır.
B) Endişe ve stres yaratan önemli nedenler arasinda başağrılarıda sayılmaktadır.
C) Endişe ve stres çoğu zaman şiddetli başağrılarına neden olmaktadır.
D) Başağrısının, endişe ve stres de dahil olmak üzere , pek çok nedeni vardır.
E) Sürekli başağrısıçekmek, endişe ve strese yol açmaktadır.

52-Experts cannot precisely explain to what extent motives affect learning.

A) Uzmanlar, güdülerin öğrenmeyi ne dereceye kadar etkilediğini tam olarak açıklayamıyorlar.
B) Uzmanlarm açıklamalarına göre, güdülerin öğrenme üzerinde etkileri çok önemli değil.
C) Uzmanlar, güdülerin öğrenme üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığından tam olarak emin değiller.
D) Uzmanların yaptığı açıklamalar, güdülerin öğrenme üzerindeki etkilerini tam olarak yansıtmıyor.
E) Uzmanlar, güdülerin öğrenme üzerinde zannedildiği kadar etkisi olmadığını açiklıyorlar.

53- Today hypnosis is widely and successfully used especially by psychotherapists.

A)Hipnotlzmayi ğünümüzde, özellikle psikoterapistler çok yaygın olarak başarıyla kullanmaktadırlar.
B)Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan hipnotizma, özellikle psikoterapistlerin basarılarını arttirmaktadir.
C)Günümüzde hipnotizma, özellikle psikoterapistler tarafindan yaygın ve başarılı bir şekilde kullanilmaktadir.
D)Günümüzde hipnotizmayi en yaygın ve başarılı şekilde kullananlar psikoterapistlerdir.
E)Hipnotizmayi yaygın olarak kullanan psikoterapistler, özellikle günümüzde başarılarını buna borçludurlar.

54-It took the new secretary quite some time to comprehend the essence of the business.

A) Sekreter işinde yeni olduğu için bazı şeyleri anlamakta zorluk çekiyordu.
B) Yeni sekreterin işin özünü kavraması bir hayli zaman aldı.
C) Sekreter yapılan yenilikleri kavramakta bir hayli zorlandı.
D) Yeni sekreterin işi tam olarak kavraması biraz uzun sürdü.
E) Yapilan değişikliklerin mantığını kavramakta yeni sekreter biraz zorluk çekti.
 
Find the best that completes the meaning

55- Teaching children to swim at an early age is not only something the kids will enjoy, but vital to their general safety. With so many backyard swimming pools, rivers and reservoirs scattered about urban areas, the chances a child may accidentally fall into a body of water are high …….. .


A) Thus, it's best to prepare for such an event by making sure your child will have the skills to save himself
B) These are all good places to have a swim, so it is important that children learn how and enjoy the opportunities
C) Even people who know how to swim can be at risk of drowning
D) A good swimmer will be able to avoid such accidents
E) These situations, however, are usually not dangerous: In fact. They can be funny

56- While the invention of e-mail certainly has many advantages, the world surely miss the pleasure of old fashioned letters in the mail. A hand written letter has a personal touch an electronic message could never achieve. Each personal letter is unique: the paper, the handwriting, the stamps. And, when they arrive, it's as though they have a history . …….. . But e-mails lack this. They don't feel as though they have travelled anywhere. They just appear as if they've come out of thin air.

A) Computers are used daily by many individuals for the main purposes of sending and receiving e-mail
B) A posted letter feels like a real, physical connection between the sender and receiver
C) The older a posted letter is, the more precious it becomes
D) It takes posted letters longer to arrive, but it is most definitely worth the wait
E) You know a posted letter has made a long, and perhaps eventful, journey to your door

57- In human beings, instinct reveals itself in such things as self-protection in the face of attack. ………. . They, for instance, build their nests entirely by instinct. More dramatic, perhaps, is the instinct that compels many species of bird to migrate. How this process works remains a mystery.

A) The eagle is known to have a sharp sense of instinct
B) In other animals, however, instinct plays a much larger role, as in the case of birds
C) instinct requires no instruction, and even the smallest animal is instinctive
D) Birds, insects, mammals - all animal life forms rely on their instinct.
E) This is an inherited form of behaviour, common to all forms of animal

58- The mosquito is an insect belonging to the fly family and found in most parts of the world. Its eggs are laid and hatched in stagnant water. ……… . Likewise, another type is responsible for yellow fever.

A) The eggs are often laid In swamps or marshes
B) Like many insects, they can transmit diseases
C) One species of tropical mosquito transmits malaria
D) Mosquitoes should be controlled to prevent disease
E) Mosquito-transmitted diseases differ in their geographic distribution, specific causes and effects

59- ………. .Figure skating includes jumps and spins performed to music and the free skating event allows freedom of expression and interpretation. Speed skating involves races of various distances from 500 m to 10.000 m. Ice skating is also included in the Winter Olympics.
A) The Winter Olympics are held every four years and include a variety of events
B) People can enjoy many different types of winter sports, from skiing to skating
C) Ordinary people may think it extremely difficult to perform all those figures on ice
D) There are two kinds of competitive ice skating: figure skating and speed skating
E) Skaters who have previously studied dance find that it helps them enormously

Tarih: 21:41, 17/5/2007 Kategori: YDS
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YDS test 1

Find the closest in meaning

60-Our team greatly underestimated the other team and were
defeated in the match.


A) The other team were very confident. yet they were no match for ours. who won without effort.
B) Our team thought the other team were very good and weren't surprised when they lost the match.
C) The other team weren’t as good as expected, yet they beat ours quite badly.
D) Our team thought the other team weren't nearly as good as they were and lost the match.
E) Our team played much better than expected. but still lost the match to a far superior opponent.

61- He didn’t look as if he understood when you explained to him how to operate the machine.

A) I don't understand why he couldn't operate the machine as you explained everything to him so well.
B) He might not have understood your instructions about the machine, as he didn't appear to at the time.
C) He didn't look at you carefully as you demonstrated how to use the machine, and so tried to operate it incorrectly.
D) I don't think he followed the procedures you told him, or he could have run the machine.
E) He hardly comprehended any of the instructions you gave about the machine because he didn’t watch you intently.

62-I don't think James shares your opinion on the matter at all.

A) In my opinion, James completely disagrees with you on that topic.
B) I consider that James doesn't care what you think on that subject.
C) It seems clear to me that James isn't telling you what he thinks.
D) I don't believe that you ever tell James what you think on any subject.
E) As far as 1 can see, what James thinks is of no importance to you.

63- A policewoman was able to calm the situation eventually.
A) One of the policewomen remained calm throughout the event.
B) Finally, the policewoman stopped being upset about things.
C) After the ordeal, one of the policewomen could speak about it calmly.
D) In the end, order and peace were restored by a policewoman.
E) At length, the policewoman managed to see the true position.

64- The company accepted responsibility for the problems.

A) The company was blamed for the difficulties.
B) The company's business was to sort out problems.
C) The firm was known to be dependable In times of trouble.
D) The firm wanted its staff to take responsibility for what they did.
E) The firm agreed that they had caused the problems.

Find the sentence that spoils the meaning

65- (I) William Morris, who lived from 1834-1896, was an English designer, craftsman and artist. (II) He reacted against what he saw as the ugliness and de-humanising aspects of the Industrial Revolution by designing fabrics, wallpapers and furniture. (III) This was the period when Britain changed from an agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one. (IV) These were intended to restore the beauty of earlier times. (V) He also wrote a number of books and essays that showed his hostility to machinery.

A) I B)II C)III D)IV E)V

66-(1)1968 was a year of upheaval around the world. (II) In the US. It was the Vietnam War and civil rights. (III) Poland and Czechoslovakia had turbulent demands for political liberalisation, repressed by national force in Poland and by massive Soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia. (IV) There were riots and demonstrations in Turkey and Japan. (V) Canada, on the other hand, has remained relatively tranquil throughout its history.

A)I B)II C)III D)IV E)V

67- (I) The sea is divided by land masses into identifiable parts covering 71 percent of the Earth's surface. (II) The Mediterranean Sea is a large inland sea connected to the Atlantic ocean by the Straits of Gibraltar. (III) It has an area of 2.512,000 square kilometres.
(IV) The name means Middle of the Earth, and during a period of thousands of years the great civilisations of the ancient world were centred upon it. (V) It also gives its name to a type of climate, enjoyed by most of the surrounding countries, characterised by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers.


A)I B)II C)III D)IV E)V

68-(1) The Saxons were tribesmen, originally from northern Germany, whose name is probably derived from the seax (II) This was a short sword which was their favourite weapon. (III) In its widest sense, the term 'Anglo-Saxon' now refers to all English speaking people. (IV) They started raiding the shares of Roman Britain from about the third century AD, often with another north European race, the Angles. (V) By the end of the sixth century, most of England was in the hands of these Anglo-Saxons.

A)I B)II C)III D)IV E)V

69- (1) There is very little, if any, unexplored territ6ry left on our planet. (II) We know, therefore, that there are no Lost Civilisations in the heart of Africa, no Lost Worlds in the Amazon Jungle where dinosaurs still flourish, no Yetis in the high Himalayas. (III) Those who wish to imagine strange new creatures or undiscovered civilisations nowadays must let their thoughts wander among the stars. (IV) Not all people, however. are Interested in contemplating the fantastical. (V) There, there are plenty of potential dwelling places for fabulous creatures.

A)I B)II C)III D)IV E)V
 
Find what can be said for the give case

70- While you aye staying with a friend in a foreign country, you are invited to dinner with a family you've recently met. You are very pleased to be asked, but you're not familiar with the customs of the country and you don't know what people usually do when they're invited into someone's home. Wanting to be a good guest, you ask your friend in advance:


A) I'm really nervous. Will you come with me, please?
B) Should I take a gift? And if so, what should I take?
C) Do I have to go? 'What if I don't like their food?
D) Should I pay the bill, or do I let them take care of it?
E) I know things are casual here, so I'll be okay, won't I?

71- You're at a friend's house, when he and his mother get into an argument. You're embarrassed, especially when your friend turns to you for support and asks you what you think. Determined not to get involved or to anger either of them, you say carefully:

A) Even though your mother's wrong, you should show more respect.
B) I'm sorry, but I really don't think this is any of my business.
C) My mother is exactly the same - you must just ignore them.
D) I think it's extremely rude of both of you to argue in front of me.
E) Obviously your mother's right, and I think you should grow up.

72-Awakened in the middle of the night by blaring sirens, you go outside to investigate. Soon you come upon and join a small crowd, having gathered to watch a neighbour's house burn. Struck by your own and everyone else's apparent fascination with disaster, you turn to a fellow spectator and comment:

A) What could have possibly delayed the fire fighters so long?
B) Look at those immense flames! They must be over 5 metres high.
C) My God! Has anyone been hurt?
D) How we love to gaze at other people's misfortune!
E) I can't stand to watch - I'm going back to bed.

73- Sam, a friend, lends you a jacket, which you return to him a couple of days later. Several weeks after that, he asks you to give him back his jacket. To clear up the mistake, you say:
A) Would it be possible for me to keep it for a couple more days?
B) I'm afraid I haven't got it and I
haven't got a clue where it is.
C) I'm sorry I kept it so long. I'll bring it over to you tomorrow.
D) Don't accuse me of taking your things without notice. I gave it back to you.
E) I returned it to you ages ago. It's probably in your wardrobe.

74-Sally is a rock star, giving a concert tonight, but her bass player is having a terrible performance. He is usually excellent, but for some reason, tonight he has made at least one mistake per song. Seeing he is frustrated, she tries to calm and encourage him during a break, saying:
A) Are the songs too hard for you?
B) What's the problem with you tonight?
C) Don't worry. Everybody has a bad night sometimes.
D) It's okay. Except for your bass, we sound great.
E) I'm afraid the crowd doesn't like us too much tonight.

75- Gary works as a postman, and hostile dogs are a serious daily hazard for him. Nevertheless, he loves dogs and has a way with them that his fellow mail carriers envy. 'When asked by a co-worker his secret for keeping the beasts from attacking, he responds:
A) I don't know why we've never got along really.
B) I just carry a really big stick.
C) Well, I think you should consult a vet for your dog's problem.
D) I'm always ready with a biscuit and friendly pat.
E) Not all dogs are dangerous, you know.

Tarih: 21:38, 17/5/2007 Kategori: YDS
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YDS test 1

cevaplar
 
Practice Exam 1
1.a 2.d 3.e 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.a 10.b
11.c 12.a 13.b 14.e 15.c 16.b 17.c 18.b 19.e 20.d
21a 22.e 23.b 24.a 25.b 26.d 27.d 28.b 29.a 30.e
31.c 32.e 33.d 34.a 35.a 36.d 37.e 38.e 39.b 40.a
41.e 42.b 43.e 44.d 45.b 46.c 47.c 48.d 49.b 50.c
51.a 52.a 53.c 54.b 55.a 56.e 57.b 58.c 59.d 60.d
61.b 62.a 63.d 64.e 65.c 66.e 67.a 68.c 69.d 70.b
71.b 72.d 73.e 74.c 75.d
 

Tarih: 21:32, 17/5/2007 Kategori: YDS
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NOUN CLOUSES

NOUN CLOUSES

         Sıfat Cümlecikleri kadar zor olmayan ama önemli bir konudur. Önce mantığını kavramak gerekir. Sıfat Cümleciklerinde bir isim bir sıfat sözcüğü gibi bir cümlecik tarafından niteleniyordu. Noun Clouses’larda ise kullandığımız isimler (veya zamirler) bu cümlecikten etkilenirler.

         Bir cümlede isimler özne, nesne ve tümleç durumundan biri ile kullanılabilirler. Demekki Noun Clouses’lar (ismin yerine kullanıldıklarından) da bir complex cümlede özne, nesne veya tümleç olarak kullanılabilirler. Bu durumda isim bir kelime ile değil de bir cümlecik ile ifade edilmiş olur. Başka bir değişle bir ismin kullanılabildiği her yerde bir Noun Clouses kullanılabilir.

         Bunu İnglizce’deki cümle kuruluşu üzerinde gösterecek olursak;

S       V       O      Tümleç

         Bu cümle yapısında bir noun clause S, O ve tümleç durumundan biri ile ifade edilebilir.

I know his failure. (Ben onun başarısızlığını biliyorum.)

         Bu cümledeki “failure”(başarısızlık) kelimesi isimdir ve cümlede nesne konumunda kullanılmıştır. Bu isim yerine bir cümlecik de gelebilir. Dolayısıyle bu cümlecik bir noun clause olmuş olur ve nesne durumunda kullanılmış olur. “failure” ismi yerine “he has failed”(O başarısız olmuş) cümleciğini kullanabiliriz. Ancak burada iki cümlecik olduğu için bu iki cümleyi bağlayacak bir bağlaca ihtiyacımız vardır. Bu şekilde cümlemiz;

I know that he has failed. (Biliyorum ki o başarısızdır.)

         Yalnız bu çeviri konuşma dili için geçerlidir. Yazı dilinde ve sınavda kesinlikle böyle çevirmiyoruz. Bağlacın anlamını “ki” olarak değil de cümleciğe yükleyerek çeviririz. Bu açıklamalardan sonra artık cümlemizi şu şekilde çevirebiliriz:

         Onun başarısız olduğunu biliyorum.

         Not: Yan cümleciklerin türkçeye çevrilirken öznenin “ın” eki alarak çevrildiğini hatırlayınız. Sıfat cümlecikleri de dahil bu konuyu işlerken temel cümle, yan cümlecik gibi kavramları da göreceğimizden bunlara hakim olmak gerekir.

İsim Cümlecikleri İle Kullanılan Bağlaçlar

İsim cümlecikleri ile üç tür bağlaç kullanılr.

1.     ) That: -ki (En çok kullanılan bağlaçtır. Olaya tek yönlü bakar.)

2.     Whether: ...ip ...imediği (Olaya iki yönlü bakar. “or not” ile beraber de kullanılabilir.)

3.     Question Word: Tüm soru kelimeleri isim cümleciklerinde bağlaç olarak kullanılabilir.

 

         Bu bağlaçların anlamları farklı ama kullanılış biçimleri aynıdır. Bu nedenle en sık kullanılan “that”i önce iyi öğreneceğiz. “that”in kullanımı iyi çözülünce sistem aynı olduğu için diğerleri de rahat bir şekilde anlaşılır.

THAT

         Daha önce de söylendiği gibi Noun Clouses’lar (NC) complex bir cümlede üç durumda kullanılabilirler. Şimdi bunları madde madde inceleyelim:

         A) Özne Olarak İsim Cümlecikleri

         Bu yapıda genelde formülsel olarak cümle şöyledir:

It is + (sıfat) that + NC

         Böyle bir cümle kuruluşu görüldüğünde, bu bir isim cümleciğidir ve özne durumunda kullanılmıştır diyebiliriz.

It is clear that he will confess to his guilt. (Onun suçunu itiraf edeceği açıktır.)

         Özne durumundaki NC’lar “what” sorusuna cevap verirler. Örneğin bu cümleye sorarsak;

What is clear?                 That he will confees to his guilt (Onun suçunu itiraf edeceği) şeklinde cevap alırız.

         Inglizce’de normalde bir cümlede özne cümlenin başındadır. Bu nedenle yukarıdaki cümle kuruluşunun ikinci bir alternatifi de vardır. Orijinal kullanım da ikinci kullanımdır. Birinci kullanımda özne sona alındığı için çekili fiile bir özne gerekliliğinden “it” özne olarak kullanılmıştır. Burada “it” asıl öznenin yerini tutar. İkinci kullanımda ise özne asıl yerine çekileceğinden artık “it” kullanımına gerek yoktur. Inglizce’de asıl kullanım ikinci dediğimiz kullanımdır. Ama zor olduğu için birinci kullanım daha yaygındır. Bu durumda NC’ların özne olarak kullanımı iki farklı şekilde yazılabilir. Şimdi yukarıdaki cümleyi bu açıklamaya göre yazalım:

It is clear that he will confess to his guilt. (Onun suçunu itiraf edeceği açıktır.)

That he will confess to his guilt is clear. (Onun suçunu itiraf edeceği açıktır.)

         Her iki kullanımda da anlamı aynıdır. KPDS’de cümlelerin % 90’nı bu yapıdadır. Direk olarak da 2-3 soru gelebilir.

It is difficult that he will give it up. (Onun ondan vazgeçeceği zordur.)

That he will give it up is difficult. (Onun ondan vazgeçeceği zordur.)

         Böyle cümleleri “vazgeçmesi” şeklinde de çevirebiliriz.

It was very hard that we overcame this issue. (Bu meselenin üstesinden gelmek çok zordu.)

That we overcame this issue was very hard. (Bu meselenin üstesinden gelmek çok zordu.)

 

         It is + Sıfat          formülünde kullanılan sıfat yerine daha önceki bilgilerimizden biliyoruz ki sıfat cümlecikleri de kullanılabilir. Ayrıca yine biliyoruz ki sıfat cümleciklerinin kısaltmasında eğer aktif ise “gerund” eğer passive ise “V3”kullanılıyordu. Demekki formüldeki sıfat yerine bir gerund veya bir V3 de kullanılabilir.

It is expected that they will resume peace talks. (Onların barış görüşmelerine yeniden başlayacakları beklenilmektedir.)

That they will resume peace talks is expected. (Onların barış görüşmelerine yeniden başlayacakları beklenilmektedir.)

Resume: yeniden başlamak (restart ve rebegin kelimelerinin yerine kullanılır. KPDS’de çok geçer.)

It is known that our world is round (Dünyamızın yuvarlak olduğu biliniyor.)

It is suprising that he has escaped. (Onun kaçışı şaşırtıcıdır.)

         Bu yapılarda iki cümlecik olduğu için haliyle zaman uyumu da aranmalıdır. Şimdilik sadece gramatikal boyut ile uğraşacağız. Zaman uyumuna dikkat etmekle beraber daha sonra detaylı olarak öğreneceğiz.

B) Nesne Olarak İsim Cümlecikleri

         Bu yapıda isim cümlecikleri nesne konumundadır. Cümlede nesne konumunda bir isim yerine bir isim cümleciği kullanılır.

We learnt that they had agreed on the matter.(Onların mevzuda hemfikir olduklarını öğrendik.)

         Nesne yapısındaki isim cümlesini, yükleme kimi, neyi, kime, neye sorularını sorarak bulabiliriz. Bu yapının tek kullanımı vardır. İsim cümleciği özne durumundaki gibi hareket edemez.

The judge decided that the suspect was innosent. (Hakim zanlının masum olduğuna karar verdi.)

The judge decided this. (Hakim buna karar verdi.)

Dikkat edilirse ikinci cümlede nesne “this” dir ve tek bir kelimeden oluşmuştur. Birinci cümlede ise cümlenin nesnesi bir isim cümleciğidir. Nesne harakatinin her iki cümlede aynı olduğuna dikkat edininiz.

Suspect:  zanlı, şüpheli

İnnosent:    suçsuz, masum

Judge:    hakim, yargılamak

C) Tümleç Olarak İsim Cümlecikleri

         Tümleçler, özne, yüklem ve nesne dışında cümleyi tamamlayan yapılardır. Inglizce’de “be” ve “become” (olmak) fiillerinden sonra gelen kelimeler tümleçtirler.

My father is an engineer. (Benim babam bir mühendistir.)

My advantage is that I can speak three foreign languge. (Benim avantajım üç dili konuşabilmemdir.)

 

My belief is that yo will get over this problem. (İnancım sizin bu sorunu aşacağınızdır.)

Get over: üstesinden gelmek

Their claim is that the minister got involve in corruption. (Onların iddiası bakanın yolsuzluğa karışmasıdır.)

Get involve in:     ...e bulaşmak (daima nesneye in ile geçer.)

Corrupton:   bozulma, yolsuzluk

 

Whether = If

         ....ip ....imediği anlamında olup, olaya iki yönlü bakan bir bağlaçtır. Whether bağlacı bazen “or not” da alabilir. Genellikle “or not” ifadesi parantez içinde verilir. Bu bağlacın değişik konumlu isim cümleciklerindeki kullanımını görelim.

It is not known whether he has ratified the bill. (Onun yasa tasarısını onaylayıp onaylamadığı bilinmiyor.)

Ratify:

Specify:

Approve of:  onaylamak

Notify:

         Yukarıdaki cümleyi (isim cümleciği özne konumunda olduğu için) şu şekilde de yazabiliriz. Anlamı aynıdır.

Whether he has ratified the bill is not known.

         Not: Cümlede özne konumunda olan isim cümleciği başa alınırsa bu kullanımda bağlaç olarak “If” kullanılamaz.

I am not sure whether he has accepted the offer.(Onun öneriyi kabul edip etmediğinden emin değilim.)

No one knows whether they live in the country or not. (Onların ülkede yaşayıp yaşamadıklarını kimse bilmiyor.)

My doubt is whether they will stay or not. (Benim kuşkum onların kalıp kalmayacağıdır.)

Not: Gramatikal olarak isim cümleciklerinde bağlaçlardan sonra daima bir özne vardır.


Tarih: 12:27, 6/5/2007 Kategori: Grammar
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Connective Relative Pronouns

Connective Relative Pronouns

         Bu yapıda sadece “which” kullanılır. “which” kendisinden önceki bir ismin yerine değil de bir cümleciğin yerine kullanılır. Çeviride de “...ki bu da” olarak çevrilir.

He failed again, which dissappointed his parents. (O yine başarısız oldu ki bu da anne-babasını hayal kırıklığına uğrattı.)

         Bu kullanımda “which”, ilgi zamiri “he failed again”in yerini almıştır.

         Türkçe’de bu ifade iki ayrı cümle ile söylenir. Inglizce ifadesinde cümlede ilgi zamirinden önceki virgül (,) yapıyı diğerlerinden ayırır. Bu yapıda “that” kullanılamaz. Ayrıca tek virgül olduğu için ilgi zamirinden önceki isim özel isim de değildir. Bu özellikleri ile diğer yapılardan ayırt edilir.

We will have to accros the frontier, which will be dificult. (Sınırı geçmemiz gerekecek ki bu da çok zordur.)

He was rude to the customer officcer, which made things force. (Gümrük memuruna kaba davrandı ki bu da işleri zorlaştırdı.)

Kısaltılması:

He failed again, which upset the whole family. (O yine başarısız oldu ki bu da tüm aileyi üzdü.)

He failed again, upsetting the whole family. (O yine başarısız oldu ki bu da tüm aileyi üzdü.)

         Aktif yapıda olduğu için kısaltmada gerund kullanıldı.

The goverment made investiment in education, leading to welfare. (Hükümet eğitime yatırım yaptı ki bu da refaha yol açtı.)

İnvestiment:   yatırım

Lead to:         ...e yol açmak

Whole:           tüm, bütün (sayılamayanlarda kullanılır, the’yı başa alır. the whole)

All:                 tüm, bütün (sayılabilenlerde kullanılır, the’yı sona alır. all the)

The patient didn’t respand to treatment, dissappointing all doctors. (Hasta tedaviye cevap vermedi ki bu da tüm doktorları hayal kırıklığına uğrattı.)

         Not: Test çalışmalarında connective yapısının kısaltması virgülden sonraki fiil boş bırakılarak çok sorulur.

İlgi Zamirlerinin Kısaltmaları İle İlgili karışık Örnekler

İt was difficult to arrange a date which was convenient for everyone. (Herkes için uygun olan bir tarih bellirlemek zordu.)

Arrange:    ayarlamak, düzenlemek, belirlemek

Convenient:         uygun, elverişli

İnconvenient:      uygun olmayan

Treat:         davranmak, tedavi etmek

Threaten:   tehdit etmek

Threat:       tehdit

         İlgi Zamirlerinin olduğu komplex cümleleri çevirirken ilk önce sıfat cümleciği gözardı edilerek kalan yapı çevrilir. Daha sonra sıfat cümleciği çevrilir. Sonrasında sıfat cümleciği, ilgi zamirinin nitelediği isimden önce söylenerek yapı çevrilmiş olunur. Komplex cümleleri, bu şekilde çevirerek sık egzersiz yapmak süratlı anlama alışkanlığını geliştirecektir.

The man who was arrested finally confessed to being a spy. (Tutuklanan adam sonunda bir casus olduğunu itiraf etti.)

Arrest:      tutuklamak, durdurmak

Spy:          casus

Confess to: itiraf etmek

We had to give up the research which we have already undertaken. (Daha önce üstlendiğimiz araştırmayı bırakmamız gerekti.)

Already:         halıhazırda, ...mış bile(tek başınakullanıldığında), daha önce (bağlantılı cümlelerde)

Research:      araştırma

Undertaken:  üstlenmek

My collage, with whom I have been working for long, has decided to give in his resignation.(Uzun süredir beraber çalışmakta olduğum meslektaşım istifasını vermeye karar vermiş.)

Collage:     meslektaş

Give in:      vermek (verilen soyut bir şeyse “give” nesneye “in” edatı ile geçiş yapar)

Conterpart:         karşı taraf (bakanlar için)

The minister, whose life has been threatened, applied to the police for protection. (Yaşamı tehdit edilen bakan koruma için polise başvurdu.)

Protect:      korumak

Protection: koruma

Expect:       ummak, beklemek

Except:       hariç, dışında

Treat:         davranmak, tedavi etmek

Threaten:   tehdit etmek

Threat:       tehdit

The inflation rate, expected to be 20 %, has already passed the target.envisioned. (% 20 olması beklenilen enflasyon oranı belirlenen hedefi geçmiş bile.)

Envision:    göz önüne almak, öngörmek, belirlemek

Envisage:   syn envision

Target:       hedef

The information we have obtained was not reliable.(Elde etmiş olduğumuz bilgiler güvenilir değildi)

Reliable:     güvenilir

Obtaine:     elde etmek, sağlamak

We have to find new alternative energy resources to be used instead of fossil-fuel. (Biz, fosil yakıtları yerine kullanılacak yeni bir alternative enerji kaynağı bulmak zorundayız.)

Resourch:  kaynak

Sourch:      kaynak

İnstead of:  ...nın yerine , -cek yerde

İn place of: ...nın yerine, -cek yerde

Renewable:         yenilenebilir

 


Tarih: 12:25, 6/5/2007 Kategori: Grammar
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RELATİVE PRONOUNS

RELATİVE PRONOUNS

         İlgi zamiri demektir. KPDS’ de direk olarak ya bir soru gelir veya gelmez. Ama çeviri, anlama gibi kilit noktalarda oldukça sık geçen bir konudur. Diğer gramer bilgileri çok iyi bilinse bile bu konuda eksiklik varsa hem sınav hem de genel anlamda İnglizce bilgisi açısından sıkıntı var demektir. Bu nedenle mutlaka çok çok çalışılması gereken önemli bir konudur.

         Inglizce’de cümle “özne, yüklem ve nesne” yapısı üzerine kurulur. Bu üçlü yapı temel yapıdır. Yerleri ve sıralaması değişmez. Özne ve yüklemden sonraki yapılar obsiyoneldirler. Olsa da, olmazsa da olur. Bir cümlede tüm hareketler yüklem etrafındadır. Özne yüklemi yapan, nesne yüklemden etkilenendir. Tümleçler ise yüklemin nerede, ne zaman, nasıl yapıldığını açıklayan öğelerdir. Yani bir cümlede temel öğe yüklemdir. Yüklem tek başına da bir cümle olabilir. Ama yüklemsiz bir cümle olamaz. Yükleme kim, neyi, nerede, ne zaman, nasıl gibi sorular sorarak cümlenin diğer öğelerini buluruz.

         Bu açıklamalardan sonra yapı olarak bir cümle biçimini yazacak olursak;

Özne + Yüklem + Nesne +hal zarfı + yer zarfı + zaman zarfı şeklinde olur.

Özne, yüklem, Nesne: Yerleri ve sıralaması bu şekilde olup, sabittir.

Tümleç: Nesne’den sonraki yapılar tümleçtir. Doğru yazılımı yukarudaki şekildedir. Ama özellikle konuşma dilinde yer ve sıralamaları değişebilir.

         Bir örnek üzerinde bu yapıları görelim.

Ben Inglizce’yi geçen yıl Ingiltere’de iyi bir biçimde öğrendim.

I learnt English well in England last year.

Dün onu okulda fark ettim. (I noticed him at the school yesterday.)

Ben pahalı bir araba satın aldım. (I bought an expensive car.)

         Bu cümledeki “an expensive car” bir sıfat tamlamasıdır. Buradaki “a” artikeli “car” içindir. Bir isim önüne bir niteleme sıfatı geldiğinde-Inglizce’de sıfat daima ismin önüne yazılır- bu sıfat isim ile artikel arasına gelir. Burada ses uyumunu sağlamak için “a” artikeli “an” haline dönüşmüştür.

         The people (insanlar)      the rich people (zengin insanlar) gibi.

***Not: Inglizce’de önünde “a” ve “the” artikeli olan kelimeler isimdirler.

         Bir sıfat sözcüğü yarine aynı görevi gören bir cümlecik de gelebilir. Bu durumda bu cümleciğin ismi “sıfat cümleciği” olur. Cümleciklerin kurulma mantığı da cümle kurma mantığı gibi işler.

         Şimdi sıfat yerine sıfat cümlecikleri kullanılan ve ilgi zamirleri ile birbirlerine bağlanan komplex cümleler görelim. İlgi zamirleri hem zamir hem de bağlaç gibi görevlidir.

1.) I received the report. (Raporu aldım.)     You had sent the report. (Raporu göndermiştin)

2.) I found the book. (Kitabı buldum.) The book was important. (Kitap önemliydi.)

         Bu cümleleri kendi aralarında birleştirecek olursak;

I received the report which you had sent. (Göndermiş olduğunuz kitabı aldım.)

         Dikkat edilirse bu cümlede nesne konumunda olan “the report” kelimesi ilgi zamiri olan “which” ile yer değiştirdi. “which” aynı zamanda iki cümleyi birbirine bağlayarak bağlaç olarak işlev gördü. “which you had sent”cümleciği “Relative pronoun, Relative Clouse veya Adjective Clouse” olmak üzere üç şekilde adlandırılabilir.

         ***Not: Nesne iken ilgi zamiri ile kısaltılanlar Türkçe’ye “...dığı” olarak çevrilir. Başka bir değişle ilgi zamirinden sonra “özne” varsa Türkçe’ye “...dığı” olarak çevrilir

I found the book which was important. (Önemli olan kitabı buldum.)

         Bu cümlede ise özne konumunda olan “the book” kelimesi, ilgi zamiri olan “which” ile yer değiştirdi.

***Not: Özne iken ilgi zamiri ile kısaltılanlar Türkçe’ye “...en, ...an” olarak çevrilir. Başka bir değişle ilgi zamirinden sonra fiil varsa Türkçe’ye “...en, ...an” olarak çevrilir.

         Which: Cansızlar ve hayvanlar için kullanılır

         Who: İnsanlar için kullanılır.

         Hem who hem de which yerine “that” kullanılabilir. İkisi de nesnel formda iken “...dığı”; öznel formda iken “...en, ...an” olarak çevrilir.

İlgi zamirinden sonraki cümle bir cümlecik olur ve öncesindeki ismi niteler. Türkçe’ye çevirirken bu cümleciğin anlamını isimden önce söylemek gerekir.

The agreement which they signed. (Onların imzaladığı anlaşma)

The workers who I met.(Karşılaştığım işçiler.)

The man who you are waiting for. (Beklediğiniz kişi.)

         ***Not: Cümleciğin zamanını kestirebilmek gerekir. Son KPDS sınavlarında özellikle sorulan kısmı burasıdır. Test çalışmalarında ayrıca bunun üzerinde durulacaktır.

         ***Not: Türkçe’de yan cümleciklerin özneleri “ın” eki eklenerek söylenir. Çeviri yaparken Türkçe’nin bu özelliğine dikkat edilmelidir.

The scientist who devised this method. (Bu metodu bulan bilim adamı.)

Devised: bulmak

The student who won the scholership.(Bursu kazanan öğrenci.)

A car which runs 100 miles on hour. (Saatte 100 mil giden araba.)

         ***Not: İlgi zamirinin önünde mutlaka bir isim vardır ve yan cümlecik bu ismi niteler.

Unfortunately, we can not publish the article which you have sent. (Maalesef gönderdiğiniz makaleyi yayınlayamıyoruz.)

         *** Eğer “the article”ı niteleyen bir sıfat kelimesi olsaydı “article”den önce yazılması gerekirdi. “the article” bir sıfat cümleciği ile nitelendiği için bir ilgi zamiri ile sonrasından gelmiştir. Çeviride sıfat cümleciğinin anlamı isimden önce söylenir. KPDS’de geçen cümlelerin % 70-80’ ni bu yapıdadır.

He had to dismiss the boy who made noise. (Gürültü yapan çocuğu kovmak zorunda kaldı.)

Dismiss: kovmak

The man who robbed the bank was cought by the police. (Bankayı soyan adam polis tarafından yakalandı.)

***Not: Bu cümlede “adjective clouse”, özne konumunda olan bir ismi niteliyor. Yukarıdaki cümlelerde ise nesne konumunda olan isimleri niteliyordu.

We have a lot of problems that we have to solve. (Çözmek zorunda olduğumuz çok problemimiz var)

The women who are working in bad condition  are demanding social security. (Kötü koşullarda çalışan bayanlar sosyal güvenlik istiyorlar.)

         İlgi zamirinin alanı nereye kadardır????

*** Eğer özneyi nitelemişse ikinci bir yükleme kadardır.

*** Eğer nesneyi nitelemişse cümle sonuna kadar devam eder.

The boy who we saw yesterday found the money which you lost. (Dün gördüğümüz çocuk kaybettiğiniz parayı buldu.)

The two sides who were in conflict signed a new agreement which would last for centries.. (Çatışma halinde olan her iki taraf, asırlarca sürecek olan yeni bir antlaşma imzaladılar.)

İn conflict: çatşma halinde olma

Last: sürmek

The man who committen the crime was arrested. (Cinayet işleyen adam tutuklandı.)

Arrest: tutuklamak

My father, who committed the crime, was arrested. (Cinayeti işleyen babam tutuklandı.)

         Eğer sıfat cümleciği bir cins ismi niteliyorsa ki onu tanımlıyor demektir, ilgi zamirinin bu kullanımına “defining relative pronouns” denir. Eğer özel bir ismi niteliyorsa buna da “Non-Defining relative pronouns” denir. Çünkü özel isimler belli olma niteliğindedir. Tanımlanmaya ihtiyaçları yoktur. İlgi zamiri cümieciği sadece ek bir açıklama verir.

         İlgi zamiri cümleciği atıldığında cümlenin anlamı bozuluyorsa “Defining ilgi zamiri”, bozulmuyorsa “Non-Defining ilgi zamiri” olduğu anlaşılır.

         Inglizler parantez kullanmadığından Non-Defining yapılarda sıfat cümleciği virgül (,) arasında ifade edilir. Virgül duraklama demektir. Konuşmada ise böyle cümleler söylenirken virgüllerde duraklayarak söylenmesi gerekir.

         ***Not: Non- Defining yapılarda ilgi zamiri yerine “that” kullanılmaz. Bu çok önemli bir özelliktir. KPDS’de sorulur. İyi bilinmeli.

Terkey, which we visited last year, is a leading country in the middle- East. (Geçen yıl ziyaret ettiğimiz Türkiye Ortadoğu’da lider bir ülkedir.)

Our dean, who studied abroad, speaks french fluently. (Yurt dışında öğrenim gören dekanımız Fransızcayı akıcı bir şekilde konuşur.)

 

İlgi Zamirleri, isminden de anlaşılacağı gibi zamirdirler ve ayrıca bağlaç olarak da iki cümleyi birbirine bağlarlar.Bu konu ile ilgili bilinmesi gereken birinci husus budur. İkinci husus ise İlgi Zamirlerinin her zaman bir ismin yanında kullanıldığıdır. Bir isimden sonra gelirler ve bu ismi bir sıfat gibi nitelerler. Bu nedenle bunlara “Sıfat Cümleciği” de denir.

The information which / that you gave was inadequate. (Verdiğiniz bilgiler yetersizdi.)

Adequate: yeterli, uygun

İnadequate: yetersiz, uygun olmayan

The people who / that were waiting for you went away.(Sizi bekleyen insanlar çekip gittiler.)

To go away: çekip gitmek, dağılmak (gitme belli bir noktaya olmadığından)

İlgi Zamirlerinin Edatlar İle Kullanımı

I saw the book which you are lokking for. (Aradığınız kitabı gördüm.)

         Yukarıdaki cümle ilgi zamiri ile kısaltılmadan bağlanmadan önce iki ayrı cümle şeklindedir:

I saw the book.     Ve     You are looking for the book şeklinde

         Görüldüğü gibi “look” fiili “for” edatı ile nesneye (the book) geçiş yapmıştır. Yani “for” edatı nesneye aittir. Cümle ilgi zamiri ile birleştirilirken, ilgi zamiri nesne konumunda olan “the book” yerine kullanılır. O halde kendisine ait olan edat da ilgi zamirinin yanına taşınabilir. Bu açıklamaya göre cümlemizi şu şekilde de yazabiliriz ki ikisi de aynı anlamdadır:

I saw the book for which you are looking. (Aradığınız kitabı gördüm.)

She dismissed the student who you talked about. (Hakkında konuştuğunuz öğrenciyi kovdu.)

She dismissed the student about whom you talked. (Hakkında konuştuğunuz öğrenciyi kovdu.)

Dismiss: kovmak

         ***Not: İki cümlenin aynı anlamda olduğuna ve edat hareketinin sadece nesnel formda olan ilgi zamiri ile yapıldığına dikkat ediniz.

         ***Not: İlgi zamirlerinin edat ile kullanımında KPDS için çok önemli olan iki özelliği vardır ki çok iyi bilinmeli:

1.     Edat ile birlikte “that” kullanılamaz.

2.     “who” ilgi zamiri edat ile kullanılırsa “whom” a döner.

My car which I paid ten thousand dollars for was broken down. (On bin dolar ödediğim arabam bozuldu.)

My car for which I paid ten thousand dollars was broken down. (On bin dolar ödediğim arabam bozuldu.)

He is not a person on whom you can rely . (O güvenebileceğin biri değildir.)

Rely on:    güvenmek

Reliable:   güvenilir

Unreliable: güvenilmez

Reliability: güvenilirlik

         ***Not: Bu iki farklı kullanım bir ihtiyaçtan doğmuştur. Daha sonra göreceğimiz ilgi zamirlerinin kısaltılması konusunda mantığı açıklanacaktır.

Pollution is a serious problem for which we must fight.(Çevre kirliliği mücadele etmemizin gerektiği ciddi bir sorundur.)

Fight for:

Combat:         mücadele etmek, savaşmak, dövüşmek.

Struggle for:

         Pharasal Verbs: Deyimsel fiil demektirler. Bir fiil kökü ve bir edattan oluşurlar. Örneğin; “Give”, vermek anlamındadır. “up” edatını alıp “give up” Pharasal verb”ini oluşturur ve bu da “bırakmak, vaz geçmek” anlamındadır. Inglizce’de 1000’ e yakın Pharasal verb vardır. Görüldüğü gibi edatile pharasal verb oluşarak yeni bir anlam ortaya çıktı. Eğer edat fiil kökünden ayrılırsa artık yapı pharasal verb olma niteliğini kaybeder.

         Her pharasal verb’ün mutlaka bir eş anlamlısı vardır. Örneğin; “give up” ın eş anlamlısı “quit” tir. Amerrikan Inglizcesinde pharasal verb’ler çok kullanılır.

         ***Not: Pharasal Verb’lerde edatlar ayrılmadığından ilgi zamirleri ile birlikte hareket edemezler. Çünkü edatın ayrılması durumunda yapı pharasal verb olma niteliğini kaybeder ve anlamı değişir. Önemli bir özelliktir. İyi bilinmelidir.

They didn’t like the study which we carried out. (Yaptığımız çalışmalardan hoşlanmıyorduk.)

         Bu cümledeki “Carry out”teki “out” edatı ilgi zamirinin yanına çekilemez. Çünkü pharasal verb’dür.

This is the woman on whom we performed the operation. (Bu ameliyat ettiğimiz kadındır.)

The crime of which he was accused was very leniet. (Suçlandığı suç çok hafifti.)

Lenient: hafif

Accuse: suçlamak

Arraign: suçlamak

Blame: ayıplamak, suçlamak

She lost her bag in which there was alot of money. (O içinde çok parası olan çantasını kaybetti.)

There be: bulunmak, var olmak

There must be something which we can do. (Yapabileceğimiz bir şey olmalıdır.)

The car in which we were had had brakes. (İçinde olduğumuz araba bozulmuştu.)

His stepfather, whit whom he is living, is not kind to him. (Birlikte yaşadığı babası ona karşı nazik değildi.)

         ***Non- Defining yapı olduğu için virgülün kullanımına ve edat ile kullanıldığı için “who”nun “whom”a döndüğüne dikkat ediniz.

The horse on which he was kept stoping to eat grass.(Üzerinde olduğu at, ot yemek için hep durdu.)

         Burada “keep”in özel kullanımlarına dikkat çekmek gerekiyor.

Keep (kept, kept):        tutmak, saklamak, işletmek....................otuza yakın anlamı var.

Keep on + V1+ing : .......meye devam etmek

Keep + V1+ing :      durmadan .........mek

He kept on speaking. (O konuşmaya devam etti.)

He kept speaking. (O durmadan konuştu.)

         “Stop” fiili için de benzer bir özellik vardır.

Stop + Gerund: .........meye ara vermek

Stop + Infinitive: .........için durmak

We stoped smoking. (Sigara içmeye ara verdik.)

We stoped to smok. (Sigara içmek için durduk.)

OF WHOM ve OF WHİCH

         ...ki onu, ...ki onların anlamında da çevrilebilirler.”of whom” canlılar için; “of which” cansızlar için kullanılır. bu iki ilgi zamiri bir grup isminde bazılarını tanımlarken kullanılır.

I have four sons who are students. (Öğrenci olan dört oğlum var.)

         Bu cümlede sıfat cümleciği (öğrenci olan) çocukların hepsini niteler. Peki bu dört cocuğun hepsi değilde, ikisi veya üçü öğrenci olsa cümlemizi nasıl söyleyeceğiz? İşte burada “of”whom ve of which” devreye girer.

         Eğer ikisi öğrenci olan dört cocuk var ise cümle şöyle kurulur:

I have four sons, two of whom are students. (İkisi öğrenci olan dört oğlum var.)

         Virgüle ve gruptan belirtilmek istenen sayının ilgi zamirinden önce geldiğine dikkat ediniz. Bu kullanımda artık sıfat cümleciği dört cocuğu değil; ilgi zamirinden önce gelen ve çocuklardan ikisini belirten “two”yu niteler.

He had many houses which were in Ankara. (Onun Ankara’da olan bir çok evi vardır.)

He had many houses, some of which were in Ankara. (Onun, bazıları Ankara’da olan bir çok evi vardır.)

My friend has three cars, on of which is a foreign mark. (Arkadaşımın biri yabancı markaolan üç arabası vardır.)

I have three friends, for one of whom I bought a present. (Birisi için hediye aldığım üç arkadaşım vardır.)

I have got a hundred students, fourty of whom are married. (Kırkı evli olan yüz öğrencim vardı.)

***Not: İlgi zamirlerinin kullanımında zaman uyumu olmaz.

 

WHOSE

...ki onun, ...ki onların anlamındadır. İyelik belirten zamirdir. Son on yılın KPDS sınavlarında en çok sorulan ilgi zamiridir. Sınav tekniği kolay, uygulaması zordur. Hem canlı hem de cansızlar için kullanılır. direk sorulması beklenen bir konudur.

The woman who was wounded was carying. (Yaralanan bayan ağlıyordu.)

Wound: yaralamak, .....ın gönlünü kırmak

The woman whose husband was wounded was carying. (Eşi yaralanan bayan ağlıyordu.)

         ***Not. Mutlaka ama mutlaka “whose”dan önce ve sonra bir isim olmalıdır. Sonrasında bir zamir veya başka bir kelime gelemez. Sonrasında gelen ismin önünde kesinlikle “the” artikeli olamaz. Bu özellik posessive’likten kaynaklanmaktadır.

I bought a car whose engine was out of order.(Motoru bozuk olan bir araba aldım.)

The houses whose roofs were shaking in the storm collapsed.(Çatıları fırtınada sallanan evler yıkıldı.)

Collapse: yıkılmak

Our manager,whose son studies in the USA will go there next month. (Oğlu USA’da okuyan müdürümüz önümüzdeki ay oraya gidecek.)

İlgi Zamirleri konusunda şimdiye kadar gördüğümüz, konunun gramatikal boyutuydu. Bir de bu konuda kısaltmalar var. Asıl problem kısaltmalarda çıkmaktadır. Bu kısaltmaların uygulamada görülmesi ve çözülmesi çok önemlidir. Konunun esprisi budur. İyi kavranırsa anlama ve çeviriye yönelik rahatlama sağlanır.

         Ayrıca yaklaşık 50 sayfalık not verilecek. Bu not hem gramer hem de kelimeleri içerecek. Aralıklı öğrenmeyi (yaklaşık üç ay içinde) uygulayarak bu notu iyi öğrenmek KPDS için çok önemli bir avantaj sağlayacaktır.

         Gördüğümüz ilgi zamirleri dışında da pek sık kullanılmayan bazı ilgi zamirleri vardır. Bunları da öğrendikten sonra kısaltmalara geçeceğiz.

DİĞER İLGİ ZAMİRLERİ

Where: ...ki oraya, ...ki orada. Nitelenen isim yer ismi ise kullanılır.

When: ...ki o zaman. Nitelenen isim bir zaman ismi ise kullanılır.

Why: ...ki onun için. Nitelenen isim bir sebep ismi ise kullanılır.

         Bu ilgi zamirlerinin üçü de cansızlar için kullanılır. “which”in alternatifleridirler. Bunlardan en sık kullanılanı “where”dir. Bazı sınavlarda “where”nin sorulduğu görülür. Diğer ikisinden pek soru gelmez.

The hotel where we stayed last year was closed down.  (Geçen yıl kaldığımız otelkapatıldı.)

Close down: kapatmak (bir kapıyı kapatmak sadece “close” ile söylenir. Soyut anlamda bir şeyi kapatmak)

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